Το πρωτόκολλο του Δρ. Sinan (Kuwait)

Παραθέτω το πρωτόκολλο που χρησιμοποιείται στο Kuwait από το Dr Sinan, όπως ακριβώς επέτρεψε ο ίδιος να εκδοθεί. Θα έρθουμε σε επαφή μαζί του για να ζητήσουμε την άδεια να το μεταφράσουμε στα ελληνικά:

1. PRE-PROCEDURE MEDICATION:
Patient is given two 75 mg tablets of Plavix and a prophylactic dose of 1.5 grams of Zinacef intravenously 30 minutes prior to procedure.

2. SEDATION:
Foremost, the patient needs to be comfortable during the procedure, but it is best to use as little sedation as possible and concentrate on pain medication instead. The patient needs to be alert in case of neurological complications due to brain insult, and must be able to perform the valsalva maneuver, to respond to specific instructions regarding inspiration and expiration, and to answer the doctor’s questions. Over-sedation of the patient can interfere with their ability to do any of the above.
The patient’s apparent discomfort during ballooning can be informative to the doctor. A patient’s lack of discomfort usually indicates the need for a larger balloon. When pain medication is indicated, 25 mg of Fentanyl is administered just before inflation, resulting in a total of 75 mg. (25mg. for each jugular vein and 25mg. for the azygous vein). If the procedure is extensive, another 25 mg. may be administered at the discretion of the anesthetist.

3. ANTICOAGULATION:
Well-managed anticoagulation protocol is essential. For an adult male patient, a total of 5000 units of heparin is used, divided into three doses of 2000 units for each jugular and 1000 units for the azygous vein and administered intravenously. Dosage is adjusted to 4000 units intravenously for an adult female patient. A typical, complication-free balloon angioplasty of the jugular and azygous veins can be performed in approximately 120 minutes, but if complications or difficulties present and the procedure is extended an additional thirty to sixty minutes, another 1000 units of heparin is administered.

4. FEMORAL ACCESS:
Left femoral vein access is typically reserved for academic and investigative purposes, whereas right femoral vein access is indicated for treatment of jugular and azygous vein and valve abnormalities. A size 11 French guiding sheath is introduced and advanced, as it can accommodate most balloons and a wire at the same time. Start with a 4 or 5 French vertebral catheter with an angled Terumo wire with hydrophilic coating, 150 – 180cm in length. Sheath is 10 – 15 cm.

5. RIGHT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN:
Advance catheter to right internal jugular vein. The valves of IJV are just lateral and superior to the Acromio-clavicular joint. Navigate the valve of the RIJV by having patient perform the valsalva maneuver. Passage through the valve is easiest when it opens during expiration. At this point, do a “run” (contrast dye study) and assess for abnormalities during expiration and inspiration. It is crucial the abnormalities be viewed from an anteroposterior view. Sometimes an oblique view is needed. A regular J-tip 260cm wire is then introduced into the vein, and the catheter is withdrawn from the patient. Before dilation, a second wire is introduced using the vertebral catheter. Ideally, a J-tip stiff 260 cm wire should be used. There are now two wires in the RIJV; the regular Terumo wire and the stiff wire. Remove catheter and position balloon over the regular wire. Balloon size should be equal to vein size just cranial to the valve. The stiff wire remains outside the balloon. Advance the balloon to the valve and begin dilation. Balloon is to remain inflated for two minutes before deflating and dilating again. Repeat dilation for a total of five or six inflations, changing the position of the wire in relation to the balloon each time. The balloon will carry a “fingerprint” of the stenosis, and therefore should be repositioned so the “waist” of the balloon is in a different location in the vessel each time. The process should take at least twelve to fifteen minutes (five to six dilations at two minutes per dilation). Administer pain medication as needed. Any stenosis seen higher in the vein is not treated at this time. Check for complications with a contrast study. Withdraw from RIJV.

6. LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN:
Advance catheter to LIJV and repeat the same procedure performed on the RIJV. Again, any stenosis seen higher in the vein is not treated at this time. Check for complications with a contrast study. Withdraw from RIJV.

7. AZYGOUS VEIN:
Using a left oblique view and a 100cm long C2 Cobra catheter and Terumo wire, advance to the azygous vein. The landmark for entry is the bifurcation of carina. If entry to the azygous vein is difficult, have the patient cough. Once in the azygous vein, perform a contrast study during inspiration and expiration to identify abnormalities. A single, regular 260 cm wire is introduced through the catheter into the azygous vein. A Cordis PowerFlex balloon is positioned onto the wire. Typically a 10cm x 4cm PowerFlex balloon is used for female patients, and a 12cm x 4cm PowerFlex balloon is used for male patients. Dilate each abnormality two or three times at two minutes per dilation. Continue until all abnormalities are addressed and treated. Upon completion, perform a contrast study during inspiration and expiration. Withdraw when satisfactory outcomes are achieved.

8. RETURN TO RIGHT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN:
Using the same vertebral catheter, return to the RIJV and perform a contrast study during inspiration and expiration to insure reflux is no longer in evidence. Upon evidence of even minimal reflux, repeat procedure (step five) with larger balloon. Withdraw from RIJV upon successful completion of dilation. Dilation is considered successful when there is no evidence of reflux.

9. RETURN TO LEFT INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN:
Advance catheter to LIJV and perform a contrast study during inspiration and expiration to insure reflux is no longer in evidence. Upon evidence of even minimal reflux, repeat procedure (step five) with larger balloon. Withdraw from LIJV upon successful completion of dilation. Dilation is considered successful when there is no evidence of reflux.

10. POST-PROCEDURE:
Hand compression of incision site for 10 minutes.
Best rest.
Nothing per mouth for 4 hours.
Clexane injection four hours post-procedure (40 mg for females, 60 mg for males) Patient is taught self-injection
Patient discharged with medication and instructions. Plavix: 75mg once daily for 2 weeks; Clexane injections: 2x daily for 1 week; Aspirin: 75-80 mg. for 1 year.
Home rest for 24 hours.
No heat or stress exposure
Sleep in 45 degree inclined position (head higher than feet) for at least one month.
Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy recommended.
Drink plenty of fluids.